Tachi - One of the larger tribes of the Yokut Indians, they lived on the plains north of Tulare Lake in south central California. By the early 1900s they had been reduced to only a few dozen survivors.

Takelma - Their name means "those dwelling along the river," as they first occupied the middle portion of the course of Rogue River in southwest Oregon. Culturally they were closely allied to the Shasta Indians of north California, with whom they frequently intermarried. Their main dependence for food source was acorns, which they boiled into a mush, and also gathered roots seeds and berries. Tobacco was the only plant they cultivated. Of animal foods, they fished primarily for salmon and hunted deer. They lived in timer houses that were partly underground with a raised door from which entrance was made on a ladder. Their numbers were dramatically reduced in the Rogue River War and by the early 1900's those few survivors were residing on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon.

Tanoan Family - A linguistic family consisting of the Tewa, Tano, Tigua, Jamez, and Piro groups of Pueblo Indians, who dwelt in various substantial villages on and near the Rio Grande River in New Mexico. Of these groups, the Tano and Piro are extinct and the Jemez includes the remnant of the former inhabitants of Pecos. 

Tewa - Their name meaning "moccasins,” the Tewa are a group of Pueblo tribes belonging to the Tanoan linguistic family, who historically made their homes on or near the Rio Grade River north of Santa Fe, New Mexico. When Juan de Ciliate first encountered them in 1598 he named 11 Tewa pueblos and stated there were others. Thirty years later, Spanish missionary, Fray Alonzo Benavides, reported their population to be 6,000, living in 8 pueblos. After the Second Pueblo Revolt of 1680-1692, many fled to northeast Arizona, where they lived with the Hopi Indians. By the early 1900s their population had been reduced to about 1,200. In times past, each Tewa village was divided into two sections  the Winter people and the Summer people, and the Chief of each village would alternate between the two groups depending upon the season. Today, the Tewa live primarily in the Nambé, Pojoaque, San Ildefonso, Ohkay Owingeh (formerly known as San Juan Pueblo), Santa Clara and Tesuque Pueblos in northeastern New Mexico; with some descendents also residing on the First Mesa Hopi Reservation in Arizona.

Tionontati - The tribe, numbering around 8,000 in the 1600s, occupied the highlands south and west of Nottawasaga Bay extending west to the southeastern shores of Lake Huron in Ontario. After a series of epidemics swept the area during the 1630s, only 3,000 Tionontati, in nine villages, had survived by 1640. Of these, about 1,000 Huron and Tionontati managed to escape the Iroquois in 1650 and reach temporary safety on Mackinac Island (Upper Michigan). The remainder of the Tionontati were either killed, or captured and later adopted into the Iroquois. The mixed Huron-Tionontati group that escaped became known afterwards as the Wyandot.

Tiwa/Tigua - A group of  Tanoan Pueblo tribes which live in three geographic regions, including Taos and Picuris in northeast New Mexico, Sandia and Isleta near Albuquerque, New Mexico, and at Isleta del Sur, near El Paso, Texas. They fought in the Tiguex War in 1540 and in the Pueblo Revolt in 1680. Today, the Tiwa still live at the Isleta, Picuris, Sandia, and Taos Pueblos in New Mexico, as well a in and around El Paso, Texas. More ...

Tlingit - Their name for themselves is Lingít, meaning "people." The tribe once controlled all the land that extends more than 500 miles from Yakutat Bay to the British Columbia border south of present day Ketchikan. Scientists believe the natives came to this continent from Asia many thousands of years ago, entering Alaska over a land mass that is now cover by the Bering Strait. The Tlingit were a matrilineal society who developed a complex hunter-gatherer culture in the temperate rainforest of the southeast Alaska coast. They built large houses using beams and wooden planks. They had a hierarchical society, that included slaves, and they performed the potlatch ceremony, in which wealth was ostentatiously given away. They also fashioned totem poles. In war the Tlingits used wooden slat armor and wore masks designed to terrorize their enemies. The Tlingit fought the Russians on many occasions, and sacked their greatest fort on Baraxou Island. Today, the Yakutat Tlingit Tribe is a federally recognized Indian tribe located in Yakutat, Alaska with over 450 tribal members.

Towa - One of three Kiowa-Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico, it is also known as Jamez, after the only pueblo where it is still spoken. Though the three Kiowa-Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people are closely related, speakers of one cannot fully understand speakers of another. In 1838, Jemez culture became diversified when the Towa speaking people from the Pueblo of Pecos resettled at the Pueblo of Jemez in order to escape the increasing depredations of the Spanish and Comanche cultures. The Pecos culture was rapidly integrated into Jemez Society, and in 1936, both cultural groups were legally merged into one by an Act of Congress. Today, the Pecos culture still survives at Jemez and its traditions have been preserved. Jamez traditional law forbids the language from being translated into writing in order to prevent exploitation by outside cultures. As about 90% of the tribal Jemez members speak the language, it is not considered to be extremely endangered.

Umatilla - A Sahaptin-speaking tribe lived on the Columbia River Plateau in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. They were included under the Walla Walla by Lewis and Clark in 1805, though their language is distinct. Because the Umatilla were frequently raided by neighboring Paiute, they were terrified when the Lewis and Clark Expedition approached them. However, determined to placate them, Clark forced his way into one of the lodges and convinced the inhabitants of his good will through the liberal distribution of gifts. The Umatilla depended on the great numbers of salmon found in the rivers for food and trade, even using the dried fish for fuel. In 1855 they joined in a treaty with the United States and settled on the Umatilla Reservation in eastern Oregon. Today, the Umatilla share land and a governmental structure with the Cayuse and the Walla Walla tribes as part of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The reservation is located near Pendleton, Oregon near the Blue Mountains.

Tablita Dance, Tewa Indians, San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico,

Edward S. Curtis, 1905.

This image available for photographic prints and  downloads HERE!

Ute Tipi, 1915, by William J. Carpenter.

This image available for photographic prints and  downloads HERE!

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