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Arendahronon
- One of the four chief tribes of the Huron
Indians, their names
means "rock people." Being located more to the east than the other
Huron people, they claimed to be the first allies of the French, who
founded among them the missions of St Jean Baptiste, St Joachim, and
Ste Elisabeth. In 1649, on the political destruction and expulsion of
the Huron tribes by the Iroquois, the inhabitants of St Jean Baptiste
submitted in a body to the Seneca, who adopted them.
 Arikara (also Arikaree,
Ree) - This semi-nomadic group lived in
tipis on the plains of
South
Dakota
for several hundred years. Primarily an agricultural society, corn was
their main crop and was so important it was often referred to as
"Mother Corn." In 1823, the
Arikara,
frustrated with traders encroaching upon their lands, attacked a group
of white travelers, resulting in the short-lived
Arikara
War. In the late 1830's, the
tribe was almost destroyed by small
pox. In the 1870's they were forced by the
Sioux out
of the
Black Hills and migrated into
North
Dakota
where they began to work closer with the Hidatsa and Mandan
tribes who
inhabited the area. Today, they are still associated with the
Hidatsa
and Mandan,
known collectively as the Three Affiliated Tribes. The
Arikara
live primarily on the Fort Berthold reservation in
North
Dakota.
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Arivaipa - An Apache band whose
home was in the canyon of Aravaipa creek, a tributary of the San Pedro
River in southern
Arizona. Like the Chiricahua and other Apache of
Arizona, they raided
far southward, and were reputed to have laid waste every town in
northern Mexico as far as the Gila, prior to the Gadsden purchase in
1853. They also exterminated the Sobaipuri, a Piman
tribe, in the
latter part of the 18th century. About 1872 they were removed to San
Carlos Agency. The remnant of this
tribe is now under the San Carlos
and Fort Apache agencies on the White Mountain Reservation in
Arizona.
Arkokisa -
A people formerly living in villages
chiefly along lower Trinity River in
Texas.
The Spanish presidio of San
Agustin de Ahumada was founded among them in 1756, and several Mexican
families settled there, but it was abandoned in 1772. They were allied
with the Aranama and the Attacapa, and were on friendly terms also
with the Bidai, but their linguistic affinity is not known. They
numbered about 80 men in 1760-70 and subsisted principally on
shellfish and fruits. In 1805 their principal town was on the west
side of Colorado River of
Texas, about 200 miles southwest of
Nacogdoches. As more and more white settlers moved into their
territory, their numbers were decimated by disease and their tribal
relations broken up, causing them to scatter and disorganize.
Armouchiquois -
There is much confusion as to who these people were, but the name was
given by the Abnaki Indians to the country of the
Indians of the New
England coast south of Sacro River, Maine. In 1605, when French
explorer, Samuel de Champlain visited a large native village at
the mouth of the Saco River, his Etchemin guides called the people
Armouchiquois and called the village Chouacoit. It was a large,
permanent, palisaded settlement, and the area was filled with small
native hamlets, all cultivating corn, bean, and squash fields.
In 1607, Chouacoit was hit hard in a raid by the Souriquoi and their
allies. Thus began a war that lasted until about 1615, apparently
ending with disastrous losses for the Armouchiquois. In 1616, the
village was hit hard by disease and most of its inhabitants took sick
and died. By 1631, the village was gone.
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In Joseph Williason's History of Maine,
published in 1832, he said they were the same as the Malecite
tribe
living on the St. John's River, but Champlain had earlier said
that their language differed from the Micmac and the Etchimin bands
which were also of the Malecite
tribe. Some Frenchmen used the term to
describe several tribes that the
English included under the term "Massachusetts." In Francis Parkman's
book, Jesuits in North America, published in 1867, the term included
the
Algonquian
tribes of New
England, including the Mohegan, Pequot, Massachusett, Marraganset and
others who were in in a chronic state of war with the
tribes of New
Brunswick and Mova Scotia.
Arosaguntacook - Also called
Androscoggin, Amoscoggin, and other variations, they were a
tribe of
the Abnaki Confederacy, who formerly lived in the Androscoggin River
watershed, located in present-day southern Maine and northern New
Hampshire.
Their primary village was located in in
Androscoggin County, Maine in a village that bore the same name on
Androscoggin River. Together with the Pigwacket, they formed the
southern-most of the Abenaki tribes, and were therefore one the first
in contact with the English colonists of New England. Living on the
edge of the first English settlements in Maine, they took part in King
Philip's War in 1675. They were later removed to St Francis, Canada,
soon after the Abnaki defeat in the Battle of Pequawket at present day
Fryeburg, Maine in 1725. It is assumed that by the 18th century, they
had been absorbed by neighboring tribes.
Ascahcutoner
- A
tribe belonging to his Sioux-Osage family, they were also said
to have been associated with the Teton Sioux.
Assegun - A
tribe
that originally occupied the region around Mackinaw and Sault Ste Marie,
Michigan, they were later driven southward by the Anishinaabe and Ottawa into Lower
Michigan. They were once thought to be connected to the Mascouten, but
are now believed to have been a Siouan
tribe. The name probably derives
from Anishinaabe word meaning "Black Bass."
Assiniboine, aka: Stoney - A tribe with very close affinities to
the
Nakota
Sioux,
the differences in dialect between the two suggesting a time of separation
sometime before 1640. The Assiniboine call themselves "Nakoda." In 1658,
they were living at Lake Alimibeg, between Lake Superior and Hudson Bay.
At an earlier time they were probably at the headwaters of the Mississippi
and drifted north from the constant warfare with the Dakota. They are of
plains culture, and in dress are not much different from their neighbors,
the Cree. They also practice
polygamy an were known to sacrifice dogs to the spirits. Their name comes
from Anishinaabe word that translates to "cooks by the use of stones."
Assuti - A
small Nez Percé band formerly living on Assuti Creek in Idaho. They
joined Chief Joseph in the Nez Perce War of 1877.
Atakapa -
Also spelled Attakapa, Attakapas, Attacapa, they called themselves the
Ishak, pronounced "ee-SHAK," which meant "The People." A hunting and
gathering
tribe, they lived along the Gulf of Mexico, and the rivers
valleys, lake shores, and coasts from Galveston Bay,
Texas
to Vermilion Bay, Louisiana. In the summer, families moved to the
coast, where the women cultivated maize. By 1719, they had obtained
horses and hunted bison from horseback. After 1762, when Louisiana was
transferred to Spain, little was written about them and epidemics of
the late 18th century reduced their numbers considerably. Survivors
joined the Caddo,
Koasati, and other surrounding tribes,
although some culturally distinct Atakapan people survived into the
20th century. Today, many of their descendants have fought for
recognition of the Atakapa-Ishak
tribe, though because their share a
mixed linage of African-American and
Indian
ancestry this has been difficult.
Atanumlema
- A small Shahaptian
tribe living on Yakima Reservation in
Washington.
They once spoke a a dialect closely related to the Yakima and Klikitat.
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