Dismal River Culture – Legends of America

Dismal River, in the sandhills of Nebraska, courtesy Wikipedia.

The Dismal River Culture is a Central Plains Native American culture that dates from approximately 1650 to 1750.

The Dismal River people are believed to have spoken an Athabascan language, now spoken by the Apache and Navajo of the Southwest and southern Plains areas. They were part of the people later known to Europeans as the Plains Apache, who are currently enrolled in the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma.

Dismal River culture sites have been found in Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and South Dakota.

Archaeologists discovered evidence of a culture that they named after the location of the sites found in the 1930s, specifically along the Dismal River in the Nebraska Sandhills. Additional Dismal River cultural sites have also been excavated in the Republican River basin. This cultural complex occupied a significant portion of western Nebraska.

The archaeological record in western and central Nebraska suggests that Native American people migrated to the region sometime around 1675 AD, likely from further west and north.

Dismal River people had a subsistence economy based primarily on hunting and secondarily on farming. They lived on the meat and other products obtained from killing bison, as well as elk, deer, beaver, birds, turtles, and freshwater mussels using small, side-notched, triangular, or unnotched projectile points made of stone.

They supplemented their diet with cultivated corn and squash and gathered black walnuts, chokecherries, hackberries, and plums. Stones and bones were used for tools, and they made pottery, called Dismal River pottery, which was distinctly gray-black. Much of their pottery consisted of plain bowls, but there were also jars stamped with simple designs and featuring lips that were punctuated or incised. Chipped stone and bone tools have been found, including projectile points, scrapers, knives, drills, bison scapula hoes, fleshers, and bone awls.

Nomadic hunters on the Great Plains.

These people were nomads who walked on their hunts—at least until horses were introduced into Native American cultures. They erected villages that generally had 15 to 20 structures located near streams. Round houses, shaped like hogans, were built slightly underground or on level ground, about 25 feet in diameter. The structures were supported by wooden posts and covered with hides or other materials. In the center of their homes was a hearth. Bell-shaped baking pits were found in the villages, which sometimes contained remains of human burial.

Spanish and French expeditions contacted and described the Plains Apache in the early 1700s. Initial contacts found them living in skin tents and using dogs as beasts of burden.

In October 1719, the Spanish governor of New Mexico, Antonio Valverde y Cosio, led a large force of Spanish and Indian soldiers onto the Great Plains with the aim of punishing the Comanche and Ute Indians, who were raiding Spanish settlements and those of the Jicarilla Apache. However, Valverde encountered no Comanche. Instead, he met with the El Cuartelejo Apache, also known as the Dismal River people, along the Arkansas River in what is now eastern Colorado. The Cuartelejo expressed their concerns to him that the French were supplying firearms to the Pawnee and Wichita tribes to their east. Valverde provided few details about the Cuartelejo but notably did not mention the presence of horses among them; he instead remarked that they transported their goods using dogs.

In October 1724, the experienced French frontiersman Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, visited the Dismal River people at an encampment in central Kansas, likely located southwest of Salina, Kansas. He referred to these people as “Padoucas.” Upon approaching the encampment, Bourgmont encountered 80 mounted men, indicating that some of the Dismal River people had acquired horses by this time. He described the encampment as having a population of over 4,000 individuals, many of whom lived in large dwellings that could accommodate around 30 people each. This population number was likely inflated by visitors from other villages who had come to meet Bourgmont. His observation about the large dwellings, the type of which is not specified, is inconsistent with archaeological findings. Bourgmont distributed gifts to the Indians, including a few guns. The Padouca had never seen such a variety of European goods. They were frightened of the guns.

Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont.

Bourgmont wrote that the Padouca maintained permanent villages. They sent out regular hunting parties, in groups of 50 to 100 households. As one hunting party returned, another would leave, so that the village was occupied at all times. They journeyed up to five or six days’ travel from their village to hunt. The Padouca sowed corn and pumpkins. They obtained tobacco and horses from trade with the Spanish in New Mexico in exchange for tanned buffalo skins. The explorer noticed that some of the Apache still used flint knives for skinning buffalo and felling trees, an indicator that not much European trade had reached them.

By 1725, the Dismal culture people had left Nebraska. Within a few years after Bourgmont’s visit, the Padouca or Dismal River people, whom he had met in Kansas, were gone, pushed south by the Comanche.

Most of the Dismal River people migrated south in the first half of the 18th century due to pressure from the Comanche from the west and the Pawnee and French from the east. They later joined the Lipan Apache and Jicarilla Apache nations.

Others of the Dismal River people joined the Kiowa in the Black Hills of South Dakota to form the Kiowa-Apache, also known as the Plains Apache.

In the 1930s, archaeologists William Duncan Strong, Waldo Rudolph Wedel, and A.T. Hill observed the defining set of cultural attributes in the Dismal River area of Nebraska. The culture is also known as the Dismal River aspect and the Dismal River complex and differs from other contemporaneous Central Plains and Woodland traditions of the western Plains.

Notable sites of the Dismal River Culture include:

El Quartelejo Pueblo in Scott County, Kansas, by the Kansas Geological Survey.

The first Dismal River location, the Lovett Site, is in southwestern Nebraska.

Findings at the El Quartelejo archaeological site, located in Scott County State Park, Kansas, link the Plains Apache to the Dismal River culture.

Other village cultures of the Western Plains include the Antelope Creek phase, Apishapa culture, Purgatoire phase, and Sopris phase.

Also See:

Ancient Cities of Native Americans

Dismal River Culture Map.

Native American Archaeological Periods

Native American Tribes

Native Americans – First Owners of America

Native American Photo Galleries

Sources:

University of Iowa
Nebraska Studies
Vore Buffalo Jump
Wikipedia