John Kinney led the John Kinney Gang, also known as the Rio Grande Posse of New Mexico. Kinney was known as the “Kingpin of Cattle Rustlers,” as he and his gang primarily rustled cattle in Doña Ana County but also committed robberies. When they weren’t busy with outlaw crimes, they worked as hired gunmen.

Kinney was born in about 1847 in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, and the family later moved to Iowa. He enlisted in the army in 1865, rose to sergeant, and mustered out in 1873. Afterward, he settled in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, and soon organized the Kinney Gang. Jesse Evans was an early member. On December 31, 1875, Kinney, Evans, Jim McDaniels, and Pony Diehl entered a saloon in Las Cruces, New Mexico, where they got into a brawl with Cavalry soldiers from Fort Seldon. The outlaws were badly beaten and thrown out of the saloon. Afterward, the outlaws returned to the saloon and opened fire, killing two soldiers and one civilian and wounding two other soldiers and one civilian.

Evans broke away from the gang soon after to form the Jesse Evans Gang.

In 1877, Kinney hired his gang out to fight in the El Paso Salt War, a conflict between El Paso businessmen over the salt deposits near the base of the Guadalupe Mountains. The following year, they made their guns available to the Dolan-Murphy faction in the Lincoln County War, which was a conflict between rival cattle barons

After arriving in Lincoln County, Sheriff George Peppin deputized Kinney to counter Billy the Kid and his “Regulators.” With his gang acting as a posse, Kinney and his men were free to run rampant in the county. At the same time, the Murphy-Dolan faction also enlisted former Kinney Gang member Jesse Evans and his gang.

After the Lincoln County War, most gang members returned to Doña Ana County and resumed their profitable cattle-rustling activities. However, a few of them remained and joined another gang called Selman’s Scouts.

In 1883, Kinney was arrested for cattle rustling and sentenced to five years in the Leavenworth, Kansas State Penitentiary. By the time he was paroled in February 1886, his men had scattered. He returned to Arizona, where he worked at a feedlot in Kingman for a time.

However, in the spring of 1898, when the Spanish-American War broke out, he joined up and served in Cuba. Afterward, he worked as a successful miner in Chaparral Gulch, Arizona, before retiring to Prescott, Arizona. He died there of natural causes on August 25, 1919.

 

©Kathy Weiser-Alexander/Legends of America, updated October 2026.

Also See:

Lincoln County War of New Mexico

Outlaw Gangs

Outlaws on the Frontier

Outlaw & Scoundrels Photo Gallery

See Sources.