The Peshtigo Fire, illustration in Harper’s Weekly, November 1871.
While history records the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 as one of the worst in American history, the headlines overshadowed a greater tragedy because the news spread slowly.
October 8, 1871, the same day as the Chicago fire, between 1,200 and 2,500 Americans lost their lives, and 1.2 million acres of land were burned in the Upper Midwest in what is known as the Peshtigo Firestorm of 1871, the deadliest in the United States’ recorded history.
The match to this great disaster started earlier, as numerous small fires had already been burning from an arid summer season and human carelessness.
Bird’s-eye view of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, September 1871. T.M. Fowler & Co
Peshtigo, at the time, was a small frontier town of over 1,700 on two sides of the Peshtigo River, thriving on the success of the lumber industry. That fall, the village’s population grew as railroad laborers, salesmen, and visitors arrived. Oak, maple, beech, ash, elm, cedar, birch, and pine could all be found in the forests surrounding the town. Chicago Millionaire William G. Ogden was a prominent figure, having built, at the time, the country’s largest woodenware factory in Peshtigo, which led to the construction of buildings all made of lumber. Even sawdust was used as a floor covering.
In addition, farmers around the town used the “slash and burn” method to clear land, and railroad workers left cut brush in piles next to the tracks, sometimes ignited by passing steam engines. That summer’s drought made it common to smell smoke in the air, giving residents of Peshtigo a false sense of security.
Then, on Sunday, October 8, a frontal system pushed through, bringing strong winds that escalated the smaller fires into massive ones. The Reverend Peter Pernin, a witness to the disaster, would later write that at 8:30 p.m. that evening:
“The menacing crimson reflection on the western sky was rapidly increasing in size and intensity; amid the unnatural calm and silence reigning around, the strange and terrible noise of fire, a strange and unknown, thunderous voice of nature.”
Peshtigo Fire Cemetery by Kathy Alexander.
Soon after, the air grew thick with smoke and ash, and everything was in flames. Described as a wall of flame a mile high and five miles wide, traveling up to 100 miles an hour, the fire was so intense it jumped the waters of Green Bay and the Peshtigo River, burning both sides of the town. Survivors reported a fire tornado that threw rail cars and houses into the air. Residents fled to the river and other nearby bodies of water, leading to several drownings.
Peshtigo Fire map
As the sun rose the next day, an area twice the size of Rhode Island had been destroyed. Twelve communities lay in ruins. It was labeled the Peshtigo Fire because that area had the highest concentration of people, and the fire reached its peak there. An 1873 report to the Wisconsin Legislature listed 1,182 names of the deceased or missing. Less than 1,000 residents were listed, leaving out more than 1,700 in Peshtigo. Some later figures indicate that as many as 2,500 lost their lives.
Although many theories of how the fire started have been reported, including everything from comets to aliens, most believe it was the perfect combination of drought and carelessness. The fire started around the same time as the Great Chicago Fire, and the same weather system brought the winds. Chicago’s disaster was much more publicized, but it only killed around 300. The larger city’s disaster stole the headlines, leaving the tragedy known as the “forgotten fire” of Peshtigo.
Peshtigo Fire Museum by Kathy Alexander.
Today, Peshtigo is home to over 3,500 people and hosts the Peshtigo Fire Museum, with a small collection of artifacts from the blaze and first-person descriptions of the disaster. Next to the museum is the Peshtigo Fire Cemetery and a memorial dedicated to the victims. On October 8, 2012, another memorial commemorating the fire was dedicated at the bridge over the Peshtigo River.
©Dave Alexander, Legends Of America, updated October 2026.
Also See:
The Railroad in the American West
Sources:
University of Wisconsin
Sarah Biondich – Express Milwaukee
Wikipedia
Library of Congress