Elizabeth Blackwell.
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) – Born February 3, 1821, in Bristol, England, Blackwell immigrated with her family to the United States in 1832, when she was just 11 years old. Well-educated as a child, her family was very religious Quakers, and she grew up to become an anti-slavery proponent.
She first became a teacher but knew that she wanted to become a doctor. She lived in a physician’s household, using the time there to study in the family’s medical library.
Geneva Medical College, New York, 1800s.
She then applied to several medical schools but was turned down time and time again. She was finally accepted at Geneva Medical College in Geneva, New York, but that was a fortuitous “accident.” When the college received her application, the faculty put it to a student vote. The students thought her application was a hoax perpetrated by a rival college and voted her in. By the time they realized it wasn’t a joke, it was too late.
During her training, she faced prejudice from professors and students alike but, in the end, proved them wrong when she graduated at the top of her class and, on January 23, 1849, became the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States.
However, her struggle wasn’t over, as she was banned from practicing in most hospitals. Though she was advised to go to Paris to continue her training, she chose to continue training as a student midwife instead.
In 1857, Elizabeth, her sister, Dr. Emily Blackwell, who had followed in her footsteps, and colleague Dr. Marie Zakrzewska founded their own infirmary in New York, treating indigent women and children. She later trained numerous women as nurses during the Civil War, opened the first training school for nurses in the United States, and established a Women’s Medical College in England.
After retiring, she continued to work for the women’s rights movement and published books about diseases and proper hygiene.
Photograph of an older Elizabeth Blackwell with her adopted daughter Kitty and two dogs, 1905.
In 1907, Blackwell was injured in a fall and never fully recovered. She died on May 31, 1910, at her home in Hastings, Sussex, England, after a stroke. She was buried at Saint Mun’s churchyard at Kilmun on Holy Loch in the West of Scotland.
©Kathy Alexander/Legends of America, updated September 2026.
Also See:
Susan La Flesche Picotte- First Native Physician
Susan “Doc Susy” Anderson – Frontier Physician
Nine Important Women in American History You May Not Have Heard of
See Sources.