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The
homes of these
Indians
were lodges—tents made of tanned
buffalo
skin supported on a cone of long, straight, slender poles. At the top
where the poles crossed was an opening for the smoke from the fire built
in the centre of the circular lodge floor, while about the fire, and close
under the lodge covering, were the beds where the people slept or ate
during the day.
These homes were warm and comfortable. The border of the lodge covering
did not come down quite to the ground, but inside the lodge poles, and
tied to them, was a long wide strip of tanned
buffalo
skin four or five feet high, and long enough to reach around the inside of
the lodge, almost from one side of the door to the other.
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Blackfoot tipis, 1913, by Joseph Dixon
This image available for
photographic prints and
downloads
HERE!
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This strip of tanned skin—made up of several pieces—was so wide that
one edge rested on the floor, and reached inward under the beds and
seats. Through the open space between the lodge covering and the lodge
lining, fresh air kept passing into the lodge close to the ground and
up over the lining and down toward the centre of the lodge, and so
furnished draught for the fire. The lodge lining kept this cold air
from blowing directly on the occupants of the lodge who sat around the
fire. Often the lodge lining was finely painted with pictures of
animals, people, and figures of mysterious beings of which one might
not speak.
The seats and beds in this home were covered with soft tanned
buffalo
robes, and at the head and foot of each bed was an inclined back-rest
of straight willow twigs, strung together on long lines of sinew and
supported in an inclined position by a tripod.
Buffalo
robes often hung over these back-rests. In the spaces between the
back-rests, which though they came together at the top were separated
at the ground, were kept many of the possessions of the family; the
pipe, sacks of tobacco, of paint, "possible sacks"—parfleches for
clothing or food, and many smaller articles.
The
outside of the lodge was often painted with mysterious figures which the
lodge owner believed to have power to bring good luck to him and to his
family. Sometimes these figures represented animals—buffalo,
deer, and elk—or rocks, mountains, trees, or the puff-balls that grow on
the prairie. Sometimes a procession of ravens, marching one after the
other, was painted around the circumference of the lodge. The painting
might show the tracks of animals, or a number of water animals, apparently
chasing each other around the lodge. On either side of the smoke hole at
the top were two flaps, or wings, each one supported by a single pole.
These were to regulate the draught of the fire in case of a change of
wind, and the poles were moved from side to side, changing as the
direction of the wind changed. On such wings were often painted groups of
white disks which represented some group of stars. At the back of the
lodge, high up, just below the place where the lodge poles cross, was
often a large round disk representing the sun, and above that a cross,
which was the sign of the butterfly, the power that they believe brings
sleep. From the ends of the wings, or tied to the tips of the poles which
supported them, hung
buffalo
tails, and sometimes running down from one of these poles to the ground
near the door was a string of the sheaths of
buffalo
hooflets, which rattled as it swung to and fro in the breeze.
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Piegan
Blackfeet Braves, 1910 by Edward S.
Curtis.
This image available for
photographic prints and downloads
HERE!
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Their arms were the bow and arrow, a short spear or lance, with a head of
sharpened stone or bone, stone hammers with wooden handles, and knives
made of bone or stone, and if of stone, lashed by rawhide or sinew to a
split wooden handle.
The
hammers were of two sorts: one quite heavy, almost like a sledge-hammer or
maul, and with a short handle; the other much lighter, and with a longer,
more limber handle. This last was used by men in war as a mace or war
club, while the heavier hammer was used by women as an axe to break up
fallen trees for firewood; as a hammer to drive tent-pins into the ground,
to kill disabled animals, or to break up heavy bones for the marrow they
contained.
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These mauls and hammers were usually made by choosing an oval stone and
pecking a groove about its shortest diameter. The handles were made by
green sticks fitted as closely as possible into the groove, brought
together and lashed in position by sinew, the whole being then covered
with wet rawhide tightly fitted and sewed. As the rawhide dried, it shrunk
and strongly bound together the parts of the weapon.
The
Blackfeet
bow was about four feet long. Its string was of twisted sinew and it was
backed with sinew. This gave the bow great power, so that the arrow went
with much force. The arrows were straight shoots of the service berry or
cherry, and the manufacture of arrows was the chief employment of many of
the men of middle life. Each arrow by the same maker was precisely like
every other arrow he made. Each arrow maker tried hard to make good
arrows. It was a fine thing to be known as a maker of good arrows.
The shoots for the arrow shafts were
brought into the lodge, peeled, smoothed roughly, tied up in bundles, and
hung up to dry. After they were dried, the bundles were taken down and
each shaft was smoothed and reduced to a proper thickness by the use of a
grooved piece of sand-stone, which acted on the arrow like sandpaper.
After they were of the right thickness, they were straightened by bending
with the hands, and sometimes with the teeth, and were then passed through
a circular hole drilled in a rib, or in a mountain sheep's horn, which
acted in part as a gauge of the size and also as a smoother, for if in
passing through the hole the arrow fitted tightly, the shaft received a
good polish. The three grooves which always were found in the
Blackfeet
arrows were made by pushing the shaft through a round hole drilled in a
rib, which, however, had one or more projections left on the inside. These
projections pressed into the soft wood and made the grooves, which were in
every arrow. The feathers were three in number. They were put on with a
glue, made by boiling scraps of dried rawhide, and were held in place by
wrappings of sinew. The heads of the arrows were made of stone or bone or
horn. The flint points were often highly worked and very beautiful, being
broken from larger flints by sharp blows of a stone hammer, and after they
had been shaped the edges were worked sharp by flaking with an implement
of bone or horn. The points made of horn or bone were ground sharp by
rubbing on a stone. A notch was cut in the end of the arrow shaft and the
shank of the arrow point set in that. The arrow heads were firmly fixed to
the shaft by glue and by sinew wrapping.
Although the
Blackfeet
lived almost altogether on the flesh of birds or animals, yet they had
some vegetable food. This was chiefly berries—of which in summer the women
collected great quantities and dried them for winter use—and roots, the
gathering of which at the proper season of the year occupied much of the
time of women and young girls. These roots were unearthed by a long,
sharp-pointed stick, called a root digger. Some of the roots were eaten as
soon as collected, while others were dried and stored for use in winter.
Continued
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